Pembrolizumab Boosts Survival in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

CHICAGO — In patients with stage IVB anaplastic thyroid cancer, the inclusion of adjuvant pembrolizumab to conventional multimodal therapy shows significant benefits in reducing the recurrence risk and improving survival in the rare, aggressive cancer.

“The data are quite compelling at this point,” first author Maria E. Cabanillas, MD, of the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, in Houston, Texas, told Medscape Medical News. “We have already adopted the strategy of a checkpoint inhibitor [pembrolizumab] after chemoradiation for stage IVB anaplastic thyroid cancer at MD Anderson, and we feel that others should too,” she said.

The study was presented this week at the 2024 American Thyroid Association Annual Meeting. 

Anaplastic thyroid cancer has historically had very poor prognoses, with nearly 100% of cases being fatal. 

In stage IVB, the current standard of care has involved multimodal therapy, including upfront surgery when feasible, and radiation, with or without concurrent cytotoxic chemotherapy, followed by observation — but relapse rates are high, with one study showing distant metastases occurring among 72% of patients after multimodal therapy.

While adjuvant chemotherapy has been used since the 1970s, the approach has not been a part of the standard of care for stage IVB anaplastic thyroid cancer, therefore, “this is truly novel for this solid tumor,” Cabanillas explained, noting “ it appears that some clinicians at tertiary cancer institutions are already using this approach off label.”

For the study, patients with stage IVB anaplastic thyroid cancer who were involved in a prospective, phase 2 trial that closed early due to poor accrual, were combined with a retrospective cohort of consecutive patients who met the trial’s eligibility criteria. 

Overall, 16 patients were treated between March 2020 and February 2024 and matched with a control group, also of 16 patients, treated with multimodal therapy only between June 2014 and March 2024. 

For those receiving pembrolizumab, the therapy was initiated at 2-6 weeks after the completion of radiation, consisting of 400 mg intravenous administration every 6 weeks or 200 mg intravenous administration every 3 weeks, with pembrolizumab treatment offered for 1 year with the option of a second year based on patient and physician preference.

Patients in both arms had a median age of 59. In both groups, 87.5% received R0/R1 surgery, and the median dose of radiation therapy was 60 Gy in the pembrolizumab group vs 66 Gy in the control arm. The median duration of adjuvant pembrolizumab was 14 months (range, 4-26).

With a median follow-up of 21 months, the progression-free survival was not reached in the pembrolizumab group and was 5.4 months in those not receiving pembrolizumab (P =.002).

Likewise, the rate of overall survival was not reached in the pembrolizumab group and was 31 months without pembrolizumab (P =.005). 

The relapse rate was 19% (n = 3) in the pembrolizumab arm vs 82% in the control arm (P<.001 wp_automatic_readability="80.759365994236">

The 12-month survival rate between the two groups was 100% vs 80%, and for 24-month survival, the data was too early for pembrolizumab vs 52% in the control arm.

In terms of adverse events, one patient developed a case of grade 2 pneumonitis, which was treated with steroids and resulted in pembrolizumab discontinuation, while there were no other serious adverse events.

While longer follow-up is needed, encouragingly, “most patients have surpassed the 1-year post-radiation period during which they are at the highest risk of developing metastatic disease,” Cabanillas said. 

“What we don’t know is what will happen in years 2 and 3,” she added. “Only time will tell if we have cured these patients.”

Trial Recruitment a Challenge, Hindering Treatment Advances

The authors meanwhile urge societies to adopt their proposed algorithm for treatment, however, the rare nature of anaplastic thyroid cancer poses ongoing challenges in terms of developing guidelines, Cabanillas said.

“The problem with publishing anaplastic thyroid cancer trials is that they are often dismissed by high impact journals because the trials are almost never randomized control trials,” she explained. 

“These types of trials are nearly impossible to open and recruit due to the rarity of the disease.”

Even at MD Anderson, which sees more anaplastic thyroid cancer cases than any institution in the United States, “we had trouble enrolling the single arm study that is included in the abstract,” Cabanillas noted.

“However, we do have good historical data to compare to and it is the best that we can do with the number of patients we are able to recruit to trials and limited funding opportunities for this particular rare cancer.”

The bottom line, however, is that “this cancer has been neglected for too long and many patients are not even given a chance to try novel therapies,” Cabanillas said. 

That being said, the researchers are forging ahead to address the need.

In another study published by Cabanillas and her colleagues in JAMA Oncology last week, further encouraging outcomes were observed with a checkpoint inhibitor in patients stratified based on genetically-matched targeted therapy, with all also receiving the immune checkpoint inhibitor atezolizumab.

The overall survival observed across the three groups was 19 months, representing, “to our knowledge, the longest overall survival reported to date in an anaplastic thyroid cancer clinical trial,” the authors report.

The study was funded by the Merck Investigator Studies Program and MP ATC Philanthropic Funds. Cabanillas’ disclosures include grants from Genetech and Merck, personal fees from Novartis during the conduct of the study, and personal fees from Bayer and Exelixis outside the study.